The majority of people in the Kyrgyz Republic are ethnic Kyrgyz, though there are substantial minorities of Russians and Uzbeks. Most Kyrgyz people speak the official language of Kyrgyz, which is actively promoted by the state, but Russian continues to be widely spoken and used in business.
Most Kyrgyz are Muslims, so Kyrgyz customs reflect this, albeit in a highly modified form. Head-covering is not required for women and alcohol is widely available and used. Women have a higher profile than in most Islamic countries.
Like neighbouring Kazakhstan, this is a very hierarchical society, where both important people and elders are treated with great respect. Kyrgyz still attach great significance to family structures, which are subordinate to a number of key clans, which are divided into two federations.
At the heart of Kyrgyz traditions, are the old requirements of their nomadic culture. Hospitality is central. As a guest you will be made to feel important and welcome. If invited to someone's home for a meal, you should accept and expect to be treated with generosity; you may well even sent away with a doggy bag of leftovers.
Kyrgyz of the same gender may sit and stand very close to you; try to go along with this rather than moving away. Don't be surprised if you never see a queue; waiting in line is not a Kyrgyz priority. Nor do the Kyrgyz smile much on the street.